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1. Introduction The Constitution of Criminal Courts in India is a comprehensive system outlined under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). This framework involves various functionaries who play critical roles in the administration of criminal justice. The main functionaries include the Police, Prosecutors, Defence Counsels, Magistrates, Judges of higher courts, and Prison authorities along with Correctional […]
INTRODUCTION: Environmental pollution is among the deadliest threats to our environment and threatens the human and non-human entities living there and the earth as a whole. Therefore, various legal principles and elements have been enacted to facilitate addressing this legal issue. These principles act as the guiding light for persons, authorities, and groups in the […]
Case Citation: AIR 1973 SUPREME COURT 1461; 1973 4 SCC 225. Date of Judgment: 24 April 1973 Court: Supreme Court of India CASE NO.: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 135 of 1970 Parties to Suit Petitioner: Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors. Respondent: State of Kerala and Anr. Bench: S.M. Sikri, A.N. Grover, A.N. Ray, D.G. Palekar, […]
Introduction Contracts for the sale of goods form the backbone of commercial transactions, underpinning the exchange of products and services in both domestic and international trade. The legal framework governing these contracts is critical in ensuring that parties adhere to their obligations and in providing remedies when breaches occur. In India, the Sale of Goods […]
Introduction The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), serves as the backbone of the criminal justice system in India, providing the framework for the administration of substantive criminal law. It outlines the procedures for the investigation of crimes, the apprehension of suspects, the collection of evidence, the determination of guilt or innocence, and the imposition […]
Introduction In the realm of legal interpretation, presumptions play a crucial role in guiding courts to discern legislative intent and to apply statutes consistently with established legal principles. Presumptions act as default rules that courts follow unless convincingly rebutted, thus ensuring stability and predictability in legal reasoning. This essay delves into various presumptions applied by […]
Introduction Procedural statutes are legal frameworks that outline the processes and methods by which substantive legal rights and obligations are enforced. The interpretation of these statutes plays a crucial role in ensuring that justice is delivered efficiently and fairly. The fundamental principle underlying the interpretation of procedural laws is that they are designed to facilitate […]
Introduction Statutory interpretation is a fundamental aspect of judicial function, critical to ensuring that the legislative intent is effectively realized. The interpretation of statutes involves various methods that judges employ to discern and apply the law as intended by the legislature. This note will explore the three primary methods of interpretation: the Literal or Plain […]
Overview of Civil Procedure Code The Civil Procedure Code (CPC) is an essential legislative document in Indian jurisprudence, establishing the legal framework for civil litigation. The CPC can be broadly categorized into two types of laws: substantive laws and procedural laws. Substantive laws define and confer legal rights and duties, whereas procedural laws lay down […]
INTRODUCTION: India’s approach to environmental protection and conservation has deep-rooted foundations in its ancient philosophical traditions and cultural practices. From the hymns of the Vedas extolling the virtues of living in harmony with nature, to the sustainable forestry and water management systems followed by local communities, India’s civilizational ethos has been intertwined with environmental consciousness. […]